Anthropogenic Global Warming: What the Oil Companies Think

“Well actually the Genesis 8:22 that I use in there is that ‘as long as the earth remains there will be seed time and harvest, cold and heat, winter and summer, day and night,’ my point is, God’s still up there. The arrogance of people to think that we, human beings, would be able to change what He is doing in the climate is to me outrageous.” Senator (R-OK) Jim Inhofe commenting on anthropogenic climate change

Undark, a self-professed truth and science-oriented site, writes about a lawsuit that Oakland filed against BP, Shell, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and ConocoPhillips. Oakland was suing oil companies to recover the costs of building sea walls and other infrastructure to protect residents from global warming. San Francisco joined the lawsuit in in 2017.

In 2108, federal district judge William Alsup ordered a tutorial on climate change. The cities presented experts who walked the judge through recent data and the historical record: “The cities called on a number of expert witnesses, including Myles Allen, a professor of geosystem science at the University of Oxford. By walking the judge through the century-long history of climate science, punctuated with rapidly ascending line graphs, the witnesses brought global warming to the court’s attention in a way that left no doubt about how credible a threat it was.”

Two things were extremely interesting and telling. The first is the defense the oil companies mounted to protect themselves from liability: “Chevron’s evidence during the tutorial was presented through a lawyer, who acknowledged the role of human activity in climate change but denied the company could have known the future implications of its actions and said a court wasn’t the right place to deal with the issue. Statements submitted by the other defendants were largely in line with Chevron’s presentation.”

In other words, oil companies are no longer denying that anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming is real. Instead, they argue no legal responsibility because no one could have foreseen things like sea level rise. The foreseeability concept in law is often a powerful defense, so the oil company argument has a chance of winning on appeal or at the Supreme Court. This case will probably wind up at the Supreme Court.

The second thing was how the oil companies reacted to briefs filed by the oil industry-funded Heartland Institute. Heartland is a well-known climate science denier think tank. Undark writes:

Filed alongside the case were two amicus briefs — documents produced by someone who is not a direct party in a case, but has an interest in the subject at hand — questioning aspects of climate science. They were written by well-known climate skeptics and promoted by the Heartland Institute, a libertarian organization with links to the fossil fuel industry. Alsup challenged the briefs’ validity and asked who had funded the research behind them, which turned out to include fossil fuel firms such as Peabody and ExxonMobil.

In the end, [defense expert] Allen said, the defense chose not to call on those climate skeptics when presenting its formal evidence in court, a sign of how much progress has been made in climate science and public understanding over the past decade. “Maybe 10 years ago they would have been called, but I think it’s recognized now that it’s become so discredited that it’s not worth putting them up,” said Allen.

“I think the real reason you don’t see the basic science challenged much in these cases is that courts are places of inquiry where the standards of reliability are reason and evidence rather than tweets, falsehoods, and the kind of manipulative discourse that you hear in the political sphere,” said Douglas Kysar, the deputy dean of Yale Law School.

Apparently the oil companies do not believe their own propaganda sources enough to present their own climate science denials in court to defend themselves.

The cities lose despite winning: Despite the credibility of the evidence, the judge dismissed the case. He ruled “that while the evidence of climate change is real and persuasive, the courts are not the proper place to decide issues of such global magnitude, deferring the matter to the legislative and executive branches.”

This appears to indicate that federal courts see anthropogenic global warming as something too big for them to deal with. At present, the legislative and executive branches are in no mood to deal with climate change. This is so at least because (1) republicans do not believe climate change is real or something humans can do anything about, and /or (2) they are corrupted by (a) corporate campaign contributions that oppose taking any action, and/or (b) blinding anti-government, anti-climate science ideology that prevents them from seeing the massive reality in front of their climate science-blind eyes.

Once again and for whatever reasons, the ravages of unregulated capitalism are left to run free and wild, damage to society and the environment be damned.

B&B orig: 6/23/19

Reality Monitoring Is Fallible

Reality-monitoring area of the brain

Research on an area of the brain that monitors the difference between external reality and sensations and feelings that arise internally suggests that physical differences may correlate with different sizes of the controlling area. The reality-monitoring area in people who do not experience auditory hallucinations appears to be larger than in people who do. An article comments:

Many mentally well people hear voices (or “auditory verbal hallucinations”) – in fact, around 6-7 per cent of adults in the general population report having had such experiences at some point in their lives.

The researchers scanned all their participants’ brains, specifically looking at the length of a brain structure involved in “reality monitoring” or telling the difference between internally and externally generated experiences.

Garrison and her colleagues wanted to test the idea that a problem with reality monitoring contributes to the voice-hearing experience in patients with schizophrenia, but not in healthy people who hear voices. To test this account, they used the scans to measure the length of a brain structure called the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) – this is the most frontal area of the medial prefrontal cortex and previous research has suggested that it is involved in reality monitoring. For instance, people for whom the PCS is completely absent (up to a quarter of the general population by some estimates) tend to struggle with reality monitoring tasks.

As they predicted, the researchers found that their patient volunteers had a shorter PCS than the healthy non-voice-hearing controls, and a shorter PCS than the voice-hearing healthy controls.[1] In contrast, there was no (statistically significant) difference in the length of the PCS between the voice-hearing healthy controls and the controls who did not have hallucinations.

Garrison’s team believe this result is consistent with there being two routes to auditory hallucinations (see image, below). For healthy people who hear voices, the researchers believe the origin is in hyper-activation of sensory parts of the brain involved in processing auditory information. For patients with schizophrenia, by contrast, they believe there is a sensory component combined with a problem with reality monitoring.

What isn't know is how differences in brain morphology affects people differently in everyday life without regard to hallucination. This line of research is in early early stages. The researchers write in the original paper: “Although our framework is admittedly simple, it might provide a useful basis to assist the understanding of hallucinations across clinical and nonclinical groups, and areas for future focus have been discussed above. The source monitoring framework suggests that decisions are made as to the source of a percept through comparison of its contextual, semantic, perceptual, or cognitive features with characteristic traces relating to internal or external sources.” It is thus not clear how important differences in reality monitoring is for clinically healthy people in various aspects of life.

Footnote:
1. “Also, it’s worth noting that, among the healthy voice-hearers in this study, the length of the PCS was intermediary between the patients and non-voice-hearing controls. It’s possible, the researchers admitted, that the reason the difference in PCS length between the two healthy groups was found to be statistically non-significant may have been due to a lack of statistical power. They said that replication of this study with larger samples could clarify this issue, adding that ‘…further research is [also] needed to to assess the extent to which the present results generalise to other nonclinical populations with hallucinations who may have different etiology and phenomenology of hallucinatory experience.’ ”

B&B orig: 6/24/19

Increasing Intolerance Among Americans

A Public Religion Research Institute poll shows increasing intolerance among Americans toward minority groups. PRRI writes:

Three in ten (30%) Americans say they think it should be permissible for a small business owner in their state to refuse to provide services to gay or lesbian people if doing so violates their religious beliefs, while two-thirds (67%) say they should not be allowed to do so.

Support for religiously based service refusals have increased across virtually every demographic group since 2014, when only 16% of Americans said small businesses should be allowed to refuse service to gay or lesbian customers because of religious beliefs, and 80% said they should not.

Opinions on this issue, however, differ by gender, age, and race. More than one-third (34%) of men, compared to 26% of women, say businesses should be allowed to refuse services to gay or lesbian people. This is an increase from 2014, when only 19% of men and 14% of women agreed that businesses should be permitted to refuse to serve gays and lesbians on the basis of their religious beliefs.

Seniors ages 65 and older (39%) are more likely than young Americans ages 18-29 (26%) to favor religiously based service refusals targeting gays and lesbians. Every age group has increased support since 2014, when only 17% of seniors and only 12% of young Americans supported allowing businesses to refuse to serve gay or lesbian people on religious grounds. One-third (33%) of white Americans, compared to nearly one-fourth (24%) of nonwhite Americans, agreed. White Americans have nearly doubled their support since 2014 (16%).

While there are no differences on this issue by educational attainment, similar increases in support for refusing service to gays and lesbians on religious grounds occurred across the board during the last two years, from those with a high school diploma or less (17% to 28%), some college (15% to 29%), and college graduates (17% to 32%).

Republicans are divided on whether small businesses should be allowed to refuse gay or lesbian people (47% favor, 48% oppose). This number has more than doubled from 2014, when only 21% of Republicans said these types of religiously based service refusals should be allowed.

If this data is basically accurate, this reflects another aspect of an increasing social sickness that afflicts America. How people see this will vary.

One question is whether the burden on religion is more than trivial. Exactly how much of an imposition on a person's religious belief is it to serve a disapproved of minority? Many or most religious people will probably assert the burden is major and intolerable. What does Christianity teach about this, if anything? Does Christian God condone this?

Another question is whether secular businesses can refuse service to religious people because it violates their moral opposition to the poisonous influence of religion on society, including intolerance of minority groups.

The glue that used to hold America together continues to weaken. If it gives way, the outcome could be very bad for America. America's enemies are no doubt very happy to see developments like this. They will use this to enhance our divisions to nudge America further into social discord. The hope is to eventually bring the US to its knees.

B&B orig: 6/26/19

Liberalism vs. Republicanism

Sugary cereal, free speech & wealth inequality: This came to my attention from a discussion that PD posted on his channel Books & Ideas. In the 12-minute video, political theorist Michael Sandel discusses the moral framework that Liberalism and Civic Republicanism operate within. Civic Republicanism dates at least back to Aristotle.

In his discussion, PD describes what Liberalism and Civic Republicanism are:

While Liberalism emphasizes the freedom of each individual and group to pursue those ends it deems satisfactory as long as they don't violate the harm principle, Civic Republicanism holds that citizenship requires certain virtues or skills in thinking and talking about politics, such that we are not apolitical agents but active participants interested in ongoing discussion of what constitutes the public good. Thus when the Supreme Court, for example, declares that forced sterilization is or is not in the public interest, (or the right to choose whether or not to abort), the Civic Republican idea is that there will likely be a relatively coherent societal understanding of the issue, and often enough of something like an agreement on what is right, wrong, good or bad in such cases. This follows on the assumption that a knowledgeable and active citizenry is more likely to come to meaningful agreements.

B&B orig: 6/26/19