The Principle of Charity

Charity is an attempt to reach out in respect

In rhetoric and philosophy, the Principle of Charity holds that one should be charitable when interpreting the statements and arguments of another person. One should try to see the most rational and strongest way reasonably to interpret what is said by another person. Thus, for an argument one disagrees with, one should try to interpret it in the strongest or most logical way they can.

This make a lot of sense on several levels. First, it tends to reduce or eliminate petty bickering based on unreasonable interpretations of what another person is trying to say. In my experience with online politics, that happens quite a lot. Second, being charitable reduces the time wasted, and diversion of discussions away from what is most important. Third, and most importantly, it shows respect for what the other person is trying to say. That reduces frustration and anger that can attach when someone in disagreement interprets what is said to them in a way that doesn't really address the main issue. Finally, when one applies the Principle of Charity, it will reduce logical fallacies or non-sequiturs such as straw man fallacies, whataboutism (the tu quoque fallacy) and appeals to ignorance (the ad ignorantiam fallacy).

One observer commented on the practical effects of the Principle of Charity like this: “it constrains the interpreter to maximize the truth or rationality in the subject's sayings.”

Thus, the Principle of Charity is important to at least try to apply because it shows respect and tends to nudge arguments away from muddled irrationality in favor of somewhat clearer rationality.

One way to bring this concern to people's attention is to say that you are trying to interpret the statements and arguments of another in the best light, or something like that. This makes it explicit that you are respecting what the other person is trying to say. That ought to cut down on reason-dampening emotion, thereby allowing conscious reason to play a bigger role in the discussion.

The “I would like you to do us a favor, though” heard ‘round the world...

Due to a courageous government official whistleblower, Donald Trump, in his believed defense, felt compelled to release a copy of the now infamous July 25th phone call transcript  between himself and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine.  In what Trump referred to as “a perfect call,” the W.H. disseminated a copy of the call memo that was not a verbatim likeness (see memo footnote), and with three curious ellipses of missing, possibly relevant context.  When the W.H. was asked for the originally transcribed memo, members of the media were told it had been “mistakenly” locked away in the super secret W.H. server, reserved for only the most classified of material.  To our knowledge, that original memo remains there, in that server, to this day.

Though only a “reproduction” rather than an “exact” copy, the contents of that incomplete memo has led to the House of Representatives successful impeachment of Trump, to wit the following articles were forwarded to the US Senate for their consideration...

The articles of impeachment against Trump are two:

I … Abuse of Power

II … Obstruction of Congress

Re: Article 1

It is a fact that Trump overtly sought personal assistance from a foreign government, Ukraine, in the form of an announcement of an investigation into, not just some random person, but in particular Trump’s political rival, Joseph R. Biden, in exchange for Trump’s releasing of $391million of bipartisan-approved military support against Ukraine’s war with Russia, along with a much-coveted W.H. visit by Zelenskyy.

Re: Article II

It is a fact that not one requested W.H. document was handed over to the House Managers *and* several relevant witnesses were instructed, by Trump, to not comply with House subpoenas, though some conscientious witnesses defied Trump’s instructions and came forth with their sworn, albeit somewhat damning, testimony.

Regarding Article I, the suspicious part to most people is, rather than using the full force and powers of the greater U.S. Intelligence Communities, Trump used his private/personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani and associates, to persuade Ukraine to undertake Trump's request of these investigations.  That's highly unheard of and takes on a reasonable appearance of "abuse of power," per the constitution.

In spite of what damning evidence against Trump has come forth thus far, and is sure to come out as this year proceeds toward the November, 2020 U.S. elections, Mitch McConnell strives to keep his Senate caucus together in an acquittal of Trump. As of today, so far, so good, for Mitch.  Things are looking promising that this trial will end before Super Bowl Sunday, and the president's Tuesday SOTU address. 

 

*          *          *

Here are the questions for your consideration:

1. If Trump is acquitted, has our constitution been weakened for all time by Trump's behavior, and a new precedent has been established, allowing any future POTUS to ask for foreign interference in U.S. elections, without the threat of recrimination?

2. If acquitted, how will the history books look back on this moment in time? Will it be that the U.S. Constitution, and those who promote it, indeed swear to uphold its values, have failed to live up to its supposed/believed idealism, and as something to hold up for all struggling democracies to aspire to?

3. If a POTUS can’t be impeached and removed for this specific behavior, what exactly can a POTUS be impeached and removed for?  What does it take? Give some examples. 

4. Do you think that, if Trump is acquitted, he will try this kind of thing again?

5. Will Trump’s acquittal help or hurt his re-election chances?  Give your predictions.

Thanks for posting and recommending.

A Brief Rant about the Behavioral Health Model

I'm one of those caught up in the system, one of the crazies looking for support and relief from the madness from time to time.

In an attempt to combat my agoraphobia I've been looking for public places I can go where my madness will be accommodated and I can leave any time without it getting awkward for everyone.

There are community programs for the crazies like myself where I can go and find a supportive environment to just get out and not overburden myself with feeling like I have to try to be too normal. And they have yoga.

However, in recent years in an attempt to expand these programs it seems, they've rolled them in with drug counseling programs and such.


That's okay, or so I thought, except in practice I've been uncomfortable with it and I had to reflect on why.

Well, drugs come up in conversation among people in recovery, and my flavor of crazy tends to drive its host toward drug use, so being around a lot of people, a plurality of whom have been in a recent state of relapse or will relapse again is not necessarily the greatest place for me to be in. Recidivism is so high among this group.

I appreciate the extra community programs that wouldn't otherwise be there. Schizoaffective disorder only impacts about .3% of the population, so without the addicts there would be no community programs for those like me at all.

I mean, the official line is that treatment for both groups is largely the same, and maybe there's truth to that but I can't help but feel like this is a band aid over a larger issue, and that is that our society doesn't take mental illness seriously enough in general. It's a public health issue**, not an issue for prisons, where the bulk of us go. I'm fortunate I'm not one of them.

** It is for drug abuse too, and yet that's a different topic, which is rather the point of this topic.

How Anger Spreads Online

This discussion is an adaptation of a part of an excellent discussion, The Story of Us, written and posted by Kristen Solindas on Snowflake’s Forum. The 6-minute video makes a clear, understandable analogy between how and why emotions spread online, including anger, and how a virus spreads. This analogy would probably resonate with most people. The video refers to the virus as bypassing the mental immune system. The mental immune system is conscious reason. Conscious reason can easily be tricked into switching off in favor of letting unconscious emotional reactions run free and wild.

This issue, the spread of reason-killing emotions online, exemplifies why the phrase “unwarranted emotional manipulation”[1] has appeared on this blog dozens or maybe hundreds of times. It is why I criticize unwarranted emotional manipulation (UEM) as a possible existential threat to various things including liberal democracy, the rule of law, civilization and maybe even the survival of the human species.





The data the video is based on is from a 2012 research paper by Jonah Berger and Katherine L Milkman at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. The data summary is shown below. According to this research, anger is the most contagious online emotion and sadness is the least contagious.

Berger and Milkman write in their paper:

“Why are certain pieces of online content more viral than others? This article takes a psychological approach to understanding diffusion. Using a unique dataset of all the New York Times articles published over a three month period, the authors examine how emotion shapes virality. Results indicate that positive content is more viral than negative content, but that the relationship between emotion and social transmission is more complex than valence alone. Virality is driven, in part, by physiological arousal. Content that evokes high-arousal positive (awe) or negative (anger or anxiety) emotions is more viral. Content that evokes low arousal, or deactivating emotions (e.g., sadness) is less viral. These results hold even controlling for how surprising, interesting, or practically useful content is (all of which are positively linked to virality), as well as external drivers of attention (e.g., how prominently content was featured).”

For me, the surprising thing here is the researcher’s data showing that positive emotions tend to be more viral than negative emotion, apparently other than anger. The caveat here is that Berger and Milkman are marketers looking for ways to make online advertising more effective. It isn’t clear if other researchers looking for politically effective online content would see the same results. From what I can tell, fear, anger and disgust are among the most effectively manipulated emotions in online partisan political content.

Regardless, the main point of this research is clear: Political partisans who rely on dark free speech that foments anger as an UEM tool are trying to build an irrational tribalism by exploiting an innate human weakness. Anger tends to suppress or completely block conscious reasoning or logic, which is precisely what emotional manipulators want. Humans evolved this way. To at least try to mount a defense against UEM, people need to be aware of this human trait in themselves.


Footnote:
1. Unwarranted emotional manipulation usually appears as part of my conception of dark free speech, which I define as follows: Constitutionally or legally protected (1) lies and deceit to distract, misinform, confuse, polarize and/or demoralize, (2) unwarranted opacity to hide inconvenient truths, facts and corruption (lies and deceit of omission), and (3) unwarranted emotional manipulation (i) to obscure the truth and blind the mind to lies and deceit, and (ii) to provoke irrational, reason-killing emotions and feelings, including fear, hate, anger, disgust, distrust, intolerance, cynicism, pessimism and all kinds of bigotry including racism. (my label, my definition)

Thoughts on the President’s Impeachment

The acquittal of the president in the Senate was obvious at least from the time that Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell said he had no interest in being neutral. All that was left was for the GOP to figure a way to acquit the president while still holding up a fig leaf to cover their obviously political decision.

The broken law argument

Even without paying attention to the proceedings in the Senate, a couple of interesting points filtered through. One is that GOP senators raised the bar on the political process of impeachment to require broken law(s). That is not required by the constitution, which is silent on the point. Of course, that requires them to ignore or downplay the fact that the GAO found the president did break a law in the course of attempting to extort Ukraine.

But on the point of lawbreaking, the president’s attorney argued that a broken law is nonetheless required to impeach. The broken law defense first surfaced in 1868, when a lawyer defending president Andrew Johnson argued the president could not be removed from office because he was not guilty of a crime. The current situation again proves that impeachment can be fundamentally political if the people in congress choose to make it political. In this case, the GOP is making it partisan political, nothing more. It’s leader and/or party before country for the modern GOP. That mindset is a key trait of authoritarian regimes throughout history.

Idle speculation

Although this is obvious, it bears mention: If the facts were all the same except that president was Hillary Clinton and the House was also controlled by the GOP, the GOP would be calling and voting for impeachment. Again, impeachment is political. An interesting question asks how many, if any, congressional democrats would vote to impeach a president Clinton under the otherwise same circumstances. I bet it would not be zero as it has been and probably will be with the GOP. But that is just idle speculation.

The heads on pikes comment

House impeachment manager Adam Schiff commented that GOP senators had to vote to acquit the president or their heads would be on a pike. That rings true of the modern authoritarian GOP. Discussions here have pointed out that the modern GOP leadership is rigidly intolerant of internal dissent. For GOP congress people, they either tow the line or they will be primaried by a well-funded opponent in the next election cycle. As we all know, re-election comes before country and that is a bipartisan moral value.

It may be the case that no one explicitly made the head on a pike threat. Schiff acknowledged that. Nonetheless, it is obvious the threat is there and real. Schiff just stated what everyone knows: tow the line or we’ll have your head on a pike. Schiff’s comment arguably was a tactical error because it enraged GOP senators. They want to maintain a facade of plausible independence. Regardless, it makes no difference what Schiff says or what the evidence against the president is. The GOP is authoritarian and it politicians will acquit the president mostly or due to authoritarian tribe loyalty, pure terror or some combination of the two.

Why migrating to another planet is a stupid and implausible idea

Swiss astrophysicist Michel Mayor, whose work detecting exoplanets recently earned him a share in the Nobel prize for physics, says humans will never migrate beyond our own solar system. Maybe it’s time we started taking this whole “climate change” thing seriously.

The first exoplanet with the potential to host life as we know it, meaning it was orbiting a star similar to the one we call ‘the sun,’ was discovered by Mayor and fellow Nobel winner Didier Queloz in 1995. In the time since, researchers have confirmed the existence of more than 4,000 exoplanets. But we won’t be making the trip to any of them, says Mayor.

He told Agence France-Press:

If we are talking about exoplanets, things should be clear: we will not migrate there. These planets are much, much too far away. Even in the very optimistic case of a livable planet that is not too far, say a few dozen light years, which is not a lot, it’s in the neighborhood, the time to go there is considerable. We are talking about hundreds of millions of days using the means we have available today.

Rather than concern ourselves with dreams of colonizing planets throughout our galaxy and beyond, Mayor says “We must take care of our planet.” He told AFP that he wanted to dissuade people from thinking of migration as a viable solution to existential threats, telling reporters he felt the need to “kill all the statements that say ‘OK, we will go to a livable planet if one day life is not possible on earth.” He went on to call such sentiments “completely crazy.”

And he’s right. The current space race may not be a direct response to climate crisis science, but it’s turning out to be a fantastic distraction from the actual, scientifically proven catastrophe unfolding here on Earth.

We shouldn’t be online picking out curtains for some future mansion we hope to live in one day while our studio apartment is burning down around us.

Because, if exoplanets are off the table (barring some far-future tech like quantum warping), then we don’t really have any other options. The Moon? It’s not big enough. Mars? Let’s examine that one briefly.

The red planet is uninhabitable. Despite Elon Musk’s assertion that ‘nuking’ it would kick-start the atmosphere, there’s no current technology capable of “terraforming” it to make it livable. There’s a reason why people haven’t fled the crowded streets of New York, Paris, and Bangladesh to stretch their legs in the wide-open expanses of Antarctica. Because uninhabitable means you can’t survive without accommodations that don’t occur naturally. The challenge of surviving on Mars is almost infinitely more difficult than living on Earth‘s south pole.

When we imagine these ventures, the ones where we send brave explorers off to carve out a new home for humanity (Battlestar Galactica anyone?), we’re not thinking about the billions of ‘regular people‘ who don’t have ‘the right stuff,’ to survive in the harsher-than-anything-on-our-planet reality of space.

There’s no doubt we’ll eventually set up small colonies on the Moon and Mars, but feeding and housing billions of people?

If we’re trying to preserve the species, we need to fight the climate crisis head-on. Building cosmic arks won’t save us. 

https://thenextweb.com/insider/2019/10/11/why-migrating-to-another-planet-is-a-stupid-and-implausible-idea/

Getting older does NOT make you wiser, claim scientists

• Old performed no better than the young in a wisdom test, Yale University found 
• But introverts prone to melancholy are more astute at understanding behaviour
• The researchers have now created their own interactive test that allows you to find out how much wisdom you have

It's long been thought that wisdom comes with age. 

But scientists now claim that having more life experience doesn't necessarily make you more knowledgeable about life.

In particular, old age doesn't seem to help people get an intuitive knack for grasping how others think and behave, researchers claim.

In a new study, the elderly performed no better than the young in a test of how well they understood human characteristics.

The researchers at Yale University have now created their own interactive test that allows you to find out how much wisdom you have.

Take the test below or click here:

https://yalesurvey.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_1XOUyQ4Ux6deFBH

Yale psychologists used more than 1,000 volunteers to look at how different factors affected how the average person thinks, feels, and acts in various social contexts.

As part of the study, the team of scientists found that older people did no better than younger people at understanding the nuances of human behaviour.

Anton Gollwitzer, a graduate student at Yale University said: 'The lack of a relationship does suggest that the number of experiences one has had in the world does not seem to heighten one's ability to infer how most people think and behave in social contexts.' 

If the oldest people are not the wisest, the researchers set out to determine which group of people are the best natural psychologists. 

The researchers developed a forty question test to assess a persons skill at reading between the lines and understanding the dynamics of a social situation.

It can be taken here or online via the Yale website for people to see how intuitive and wise they are. 

The authors then analysed the highest scoring participants in more detail to see what they had in common. 

By doing this, the researchers unearthed the characteristics of the type of people who are best at understanding others.

They found that people of the ilk of famed author Harper Lee are the most adept at understanding social clues. 

This means introverts prone to melancholy seem to be more astute at understanding how we behave in groups than their gregarious peers, the researchers found.

They also found intelligence and wanting to engage with complex problems was a key predictor of wisdom. 

'It seems to be a case of sadder but wiser,' said Gollwitzer.

'They don't view the world through rose-colored glasses as jovial and extroverted people do.'

'It could be that the melancholic, introverted people are spending more time observing human nature than those who are busy interacting with others.'

Mr Gollwitzer added: 'Take, for instance, the novelist Ernest Hemingway, or the founder of modern psychology, William James.

'Without empirical backing, these individuals were able to accurately capture and communicate deep social human truths.' 

The research was published in the journal Social Psychology. 

https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1027/1864-9335/a000332

 (NOTE: If you are indeed a smart person, don't bother reading the report, it is long and boring) 

ARE MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE WISER THAN WORKING CLASS PEOPLE? 

Research has found that middle class values of self-reliance and individual attainment have left the bourgeois less prepared to handle their interpersonal relationships.

As a result, the working-class folk are more wise than their middle-class equivalents.  

The University of Waterloo in Canada defined wisdom as the ability to be open-minded, intellectually humble and integrate different perspectives on important issues.

A higher social class provides greater opportunities to pursue knowledge and education.

Despite this, working class people show more wisdom when dealing with others.

Experts say economic hardship means less wealthy people spend more time considering the impact of their decisions on those around them.

They found that more affluent people are linked with diminished ability to reason wisely when it comes to other people. 

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5535563/Getting-older-does-NOT-make-wiser-claim-scientists.html