Battery-Free Implantable Weight Loss Device

The journal Nature Communications has published a paper describing a small device that tricks the brain into believing the stomach is full after a small amount of food is eaten. The device has been tested in rats and must now be proven to work in humans before it can be sold to treat obesity. The device shown in panel d below is small and simple but ingenious.

The device is placed on the stomach and two gold-tipped wires are placed near the nerve that communicates stomach food status information to the brain (the vagus nerve). When the stomach churns in response to food, the device generates small electrical pulses that mimic the nerve's food status signals to the brain. Stomach churn causes the device to flex and that natural movement is the energy source for the electrical signal. Stomach movements are shown in panel a below and a trace of the resulting electrical signal is shown in panel b.

Since this has only been tested in rats, clinical trials will be necessary to demonstrate the device, or a variant of it, will be effective in fooling the human brain and lead to weight loss. Typically for drugs that are successful in mouse or rat testing, the chance of the drug ever receiving regulatory approval for marketing is about 0.1% or less. Most drugs that are reasonably effective in animals do not even make it into human testing for various reasons, e.g., toxicity, unknown mechanism of action and thus no obvious way to get regulatory approval, high cost of clinical trials, sometimes hundreds of millions, etc.

The odds of clinical success here are probably much higher, maybe about 40-50%, because (i) electrical signals are not drugs that have to act on a target molecule(s) which may or may not work the same way in humans as in animals, and (ii) similar but bigger, battery powered devices have been effective enough for marketing approval for treating obesity.

B&B orig: 12/20/18

Video Animation of Cell Division

This video is the best animation I am aware of about is going on in a cell when it is dividing. It is both trippy and creepy at the same time. All the little machines are marching around doing stuff we are completely unaware of, unless we watch the video.



B&B orig: 12/21/18

Things A Modern Authoritarian Regime Can Do

The New York Times reports that Hungary's far-right prime minister, Viktor Orban, recently signed into law a provision that allows businesses to require workers to put in up to 400 hours of overtime per year. Prior law allowed companies to impose 250 hours of overtime/year, and gave them one year to pay extra for the overtime. The new law gives companies three years to pay, and in some cases the rate of pay may be the same as the normal hourly rate.

Street protests against the new law have been held, with protesters calling it a “slave law”, but Orban dismisses opposition as “hysterical shouting.”

Bogus logic: A trait that seems to be constant among authoritarians is their liberal use of false information and irrational logic or reasoning. That detachment from reality and reason makes it easy to justify their actions and to criticize political opposition. In the case of the Hungary’s law, the ruling party asserts that the law is good because “those who want to work more to work more, and those who want to earn more to earn more.”

That irrational argument fails to recognize the facts that (i) if people wanted to work and earn more, they could arrange that with their employer voluntarily, and (ii) make sure they received extra pay for the overtime they agreed to work. In other words, the protesters are right to oppose the law.

The NYT comments: “Since re-entering office in 2010, Mr. Orban has made a series of moves that have set off alarms among European allies and others in Hungary: curbing judicial independence, restricting news media freedom and plurality, and blatantly enriching his business allies.”

Presumably this law is intended to enrich Orban’s business allies, and maybe some non-allied businesses as well. Things like this exemplify the rightist authoritarian mindset. The main thing that societies have in their defense against authoritarian attacks on average people are strong independent institutions such as courts and law enforcement, a free press and significant political opposition. When those institutions fade away, tyrants and kleptocrats are mostly free to rule as they wish.

Interestingly, public opposition to other Orban authoritarian moves has been met with limited public opposition. Orban won election to office by vilifying immigration, which made him popular. This new overtime law provoked opposition presumably by affecting people in personal, obvious ways.

There is not much that is subtle or new about how modern day tyrants, oligarchs and kleptocrats go about their corrupt business. The game plan has been about the same for millennia. The question is stark and obvious: What form of government is better, honest democracy or corrupt authoritarianism?[1] Countries like Hungary, China, Russia, Brazil, Turkey and others have made their answer clear, at least for the time being. They want corrupt authoritarianism, not honest democracy.

Footnote:
1. Another authoritarian trait is to claim to be honest and working for the public interest. Despite the incessant contrary claim, authoritarian regimes arguably are usually (~90% of the time) significantly more corrupt than honest, assuming there is a reasonably accurate and objective way(s) to evaluate levels of regime corruption. Authoritarianism and corruption seem to be fairly constant companions through history.

B&B orig: 12/23/18

America’s Slide Into Authoritarianism: Another Step Along The Way

Many sources have written on the resignation letter that Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis submitted to President Trump a few days ago. Mattis planned to retire at the end of February, but Trump fired him effective immediately, two months early. The reason Trump fired Mattis is because in his resignation letter, Mattis criticized Trump and his policies. The Washington Post writes this about the firing: “President Trump, who aides said has been seething about news coverage of Defense Secretary Jim Mattis’s pointed resignation letter, abruptly announced Sunday that he was removing Mattis two months before his planned departure and installing Patrick Shanahan as acting defense secretary.”

Clearly, Trump is not concerned about a smooth transition. He moves to eliminate people who are not fawning sycophants or other forms of ‘yes’ people without regard for consequences beyond himself. Independent thinkers are obviously not welcome.

Mattis included the following comments in his December 20 letter of resignation:

One core belief I have always held is that our strength as a nation is inextricably linked to the strength of our unique and comprehensive system of alliances and partnerships. While the US remains the indispensable nation in the free world, we cannot protect our interests or serve that role effectively without maintaining strong alliances and showing respect to those allies.

Similarly, I believe we must be resolute and unambiguous in our approach to those countries whose strategic interests are increasingly in tension with ours. It is clear that China and Russia, for example, want to shape a world consistent with their authoritarian model gaining veto authority over other nations' economic, diplomatic, and security decisions to promote their own interests at the expense of their neighbors, America and our allies.

My views on treating allies with respect and also being clear-eyed about both malign actors and strategic competitors are strongly held and informed by over four decades of immersion in these issues.

Because you have the right to have a Secretary of Defense whose views are better aligned with yours on these and other subjects, I believe it is right for me to step down from my position.

The accusations -- true or false?: In essence, Mattis accuses Trump of not maintaining America’s alliances or showing respect our allies, and not defending America, its allies and the rest of the world against aggressive authoritarianism from China and Russia. Trump and most of his supporters will reject that as nonsense or lies. Others will see it as true.

For those who see the Mattis allegations as true, Trump’s response can be seen as another step by Trump toward authoritarian government because he is moving to establish his own authoritarian brand in America. If Mattis is speaking truth to Trump and American authoritarian populists, they have no choice but to (1) reject the allegations as false, or (2) concede that Mattis is basically right, authoritarianism is better than liberal democracy and American policy and alliances need to be changed.

Since truth and sound reason are antithetical to authoritarians whenever they get in the way, there is no reason to think that Trump or most (~95%?) of his supporters including congressional republicans will accept what Mattis alleges as basically true. The failure of Trump supporters fail to condemn Trump’s policies enables Trump to keep building his authoritarian kleptocracy. In itself, that is another step toward authoritarianism, and another step away from liberal democracy.

B&B orig: 12/24/18

How the Media Needs to Respond to Trump’s Lies

Despite constantly being called out by the professional media for constant lying, President Trump persists. In an interview with Vox, cognitive linguist George Lakoff proposes a ‘truth sandwich’ tactic that would make Trump’s lies less effective. The tactic is designed to lessen the cognitive effectiveness of lies. The truth sandwich brackets a lie with truth and ends with a description of the consequences of the lie.

Standard media response: Repeat the lie → State that it is a lie → Tell the truth

Truth sandwich: Tell the truth → State the lie → Repeat the truth → Explain consequences of the lie

Lakoff argues that the standard response is ineffective in reducing the powerful cognitive effect of repeating a lie. Repeating a lie instantly and unconsciously activates a mental frame that reinforces the perception of truth in the lie.

What Lakoff is arguing is a matter of cognitive biology, not just facts and logic. Facts and logic alone are ineffective at persuasion for people who hold a worldview where lies are seen as truth. Lakoff briefly discusses the same criticism of liberal messaging that he has been voicong for over 20 years: Stop using just facts and logic because that alone doesn't work. Start using communication methods that are effective based on human cognitive biology.

The Vox article and interview:

President Donald Trump has hacked the media.
As Vox’s Ezra Klein argued recently, the press is in a lose-lose situation — and we all know it. Trump thrives on opposition, and often the media plays right into his hands, feverishly chasing every lie and half-truth he utters or tweets.

George Lakoff, a professor of linguistics and cognitive science at UC Berkeley and the author of the 2004 book Don’t Think of an Elephant, recently published an article laying out the media’s dilemma. Trump’s “big lie” strategy, he argues, is to “exploit journalistic convention by providing rapid-fire news events for reporters to chase.”

According to Lakoff, the president uses lies to divert attention from the “big truths,” or the things he doesn’t want the media to cover. This allows Trump to create the controversies he wants and capitalize on the outrage and confusion they generate, while simultaneously stoking his base and forcing the press into the role of “opposition party.”

I reached out to Lakoff to talk about Trump’s media strategy, but also, more importantly, about solutions. If the president has indeed turned journalistic conventions to his advantage, how can we, the media, respond constructively?

A lightly edited transcript of our conversation follows.
Sean Illing
Can you lay out for me in simple terms how President Trump manipulates the media?

George Lakoff
He manipulates the media by constantly tweeting and saying more and more outrageous things. The media says, “Well, we have to cover the president. We have to repeat what he says.” But there is no real reason this has to happen. Journalists could, if they choose to, ignore the president’s tweets.

Sean Illing
What, then, would you have reporters do? Ridiculous or not, what the president of the United States tweets or says has real-world consequences, so it’s not quite that simple.

George Lakoff
I wrote a book called Don’t Think of an Elephant, which makes the point that if you negate a frame, you activate the frame. When Trump says something and people working in the media deny it, they’re helping him. But they don’t realize that they’re helping him.

There’s another possibility. Journalists could engage in what I’ve called “truth sandwiches,” which means that you first tell the truth; then you point out what the lie is and how it diverges from the truth. Then you repeat the truth and tell the consequences of the difference between the truth and the lie.

If the media did this consistently, it would matter. It would be more difficult for Trump to lie.

Sean Illing
So you’re saying that instead of amplifying the president’s message by repeating it in the course of debunking it, we should focus on his tactics and talk about the truths he’s trying to suppress.

George Lakoff
Well, not just talk about the truth he’s trying to suppress. The truth sandwich is more than that. It shows the difference between the truth and what he’s saying — putting the truth first, and then putting it afterward, and talking about its consequences.

People say, “Oh, well, here’s the real fact.” That doesn’t really matter because Trump is getting his frame out there first. What he’s trying to do in each of the tweets he sends out is to frame something first and then repeat it.

Notice that when you repeat something, you’re strengthening it in people’s brains. The more a neural circuit is activated, the stronger it gets. Trump is using certain communicative tactics that are very sophisticated and he doesn’t realize it.

“DEMOCRATS BELIEVE IN WHAT IS CALLED ENLIGHTENMENT REASONING — THAT IF YOU TELL PEOPLE THE FACTS, THEY’LL REACH THE RIGHT CONCLUSION. THAT JUST ISN’T TRUE.”

Sean Illing
I take your point, but I wonder if Trump is just kryptonite for a liberal democratic system built on a free press. If someone is truly indifferent to the consequences of lying, if they welcome negative coverage and are backed by a base primed to disbelieve inconvenient facts, I’m not sure there’s much we can do to contain that person once they’ve ascended to power.

George Lakoff
It’s difficult; I know it’s difficult. But I don’t think it’s impossible. It has to do with the media not being willing to be manipulated by Trump, not being willing to say, “Oh, we have to report everything he says.” If his tactics didn’t work, he wouldn’t be able to manipulate people the way that he has.

Sean Illing
So you’re saying that the president has created a situation in which journalists, by merely doing their jobs, are reinforcing his entire communications strategy.

George Lakoff
Right. That’s where we’re at, but you see, there’s still a question of what the media’s job is.

Many journalists still assume that language is neutral, that you can just repeat language and it’s completely neutral. In fact, language is never neutral. Language is always framed in a certain way, and it always has consequences.

If in the process of reporting, you simply repeat the language Trump is using, you’re missing what’s going on.

Sean Illing
But if the president spreads malicious lies, those lies have consequences. Take the recent shooting at the Tree of Life synagogue. Trump helped popularize a conspiracy theory about George Soros funding a caravan of illegal immigrants, and an extremist took that claim seriously and acted on it.

Isn’t that a strong case for why we have to expose or challenge lies?

George Lakoff
I totally understand, but simply exposing the lie about the Soros conspiracy theory doesn’t work, because to call it a lie is to repeat it, to repeat the content, which strengthens it in people’s brains. If I say don’t think of an elephant, you think of an elephant.

Sean Illing
So how exactly should the media have responded in this case to the Soros conspiracy theory tweeted by the president?

George Lakoff
By not reporting it.

Sean Illing
At all?

George Lakoff
Not one bit. 

Sean Illing
The president has 55 million Twitter followers and a vast conservative media-industrial complex that will happily amplify his comments. Nothing the rest of the media does will change this. Is there a solution to this problem?

George Lakoff
Well, it’s not a simple solution, and your point about the conservative media is a good one. But you have to have a media that is engaged with what I call truth sandwiches and that repeats them — that’s all you can do.

“LANGUAGE IS NEVER NEUTRAL. LANGUAGE IS ALWAYS FRAMED IN A CERTAIN WAY, AND IT ALWAYS HAS CONSEQUENCES.”

Sean Illing
Why do Republicans seem to be doing much better in terms of framing the debate?

George Lakoff
A lot of Democrats believe in what is called Enlightenment reasoning, and that if you just tell people the facts, they’ll reach the right conclusion. That just isn’t true.

People think in terms of conceptual structures called frames and metaphors. It’s not just the facts. They have values, and they understand which facts fit into their conceptual framework. You can’t understand something if your brain doesn’t allow it, if your brain filters it out in terms of your values.

Democrats seem not to understand this, and they keep trying to employ reason as a persuasive vehicle. I wish Enlightenment reasoning was an accurate model for how most people think and judge, but it isn’t, and we better acknowledge that fact.

Sean Illing
So on some level, you’re saying that Democrats have to accept that they’re playing a different kind of conversational game, in which truth and falsity are irrelevant. If that’s the case, what use is there for a free press, or for discourse at all?

George Lakoff
Well, that’s why the truth sandwiches are important. Let me say one more thing that’s really crucial in this respect. Kellyanne Conway talked about alternative facts at one point, so the phrase comes from her. When I heard that, it occurred to me that there’s a sense in which she’s right.

If you’re someone who shares Trump’s worldview, there are certain things that follow from that worldview. In other words, certain things have to be true, or have to be believed, in order to sustain that worldview. The things that aren’t actually true but nevertheless preserve that worldview are “alternative facts” — that’s what Conway was getting at, whether she knew it or not.

The conservatives use those alternative facts all the time, and so does Trump. If he’s talking to his base, he’s talking to people who have already bought into a picture of the world, and his job is to tell them things that confirm that picture — and he knows they’ll believe it for that very reason.

I think we have to understand “alternative facts” in this way, and understand that when Trump is lying, he’s lying in ways that register with his audience. So it may be lying, but it’s strategic lying — and it’s effective.

Sean Illing
Do you think the media is going to be able to adapt and figure this out, or do you think it’s going to persist in aiding Trump in the way it has?

George Lakoff
I’m an optimist. I think the media can get out of it. But I don’t know if it will.

Journalists don’t study the field of cognitive science. They don’t study how brains actually work and how the mind works. Cognitive science is a field that is not widely reported on, but it needs to be, because journalists cannot serve the public if they don’t understand basic facts about the human mind.

The sorts of things I’m saying have to be repeated over and over — it has to be argued. The evidence has to come forth.

B&B orig: 12/25/18

Science Continues Working To Improve Error Correction

Two prominent scientists working in the area of error and fraud detection and correction, Adam Marcus and Ivan Oransky, write on the state of the art in the Washington Post. Marcus and Oransky founded the organization Retraction Watch, which maintains a database of over 18,000 retracted scientific publications. They write that the rate of retractions seems to be now plateauing at about 1 retraction for each 1000 published papers (0.1% retraction rate). The rate grew significantly between 2000 and a few years ago, which raises the question of why that rise occurred. The overall rate of bad papers in the vast scientific literature is much higher, probably about 2-3%.

Marcus and Oransky find that about half the retractions are due to fraud and data manipulation and the other half is due to honest errors with no misconduct. Some workers has devised new methods to spot problems. Publishers now routinely submit each submitted paper to a computer check for plagiarism. That old trick won't work any more. Also, tests for statistical rigor are being applied to spot anomalous results. When good answers about strange statistical results from researchers are not forthcoming, fraud spotters are beginning to out cheaters to various media sources. In one case, ars Technica published results of two skeptics about suspicious-looking data that a psychologist published in a paper.

Another tool that is in use to spot fraud is a The False Claims Act, which allows whistleblowers to collect rewards for reporting faked data in grant applications and reports. Maybe most importantly, another major tool in increasing reliability is a change in attitude among scientists themselves to no longer tolerate either bad behavior or sloppiness. Marcus and Oransky write “put another way, fraud fighters have many more weapons in their armory than they did even 20 years ago, and a growing army appears more willing to use those tools.”

Not surprisingly, the process is imperfect. It reflects the complicated messiness of being human: “And for every whistleblower who sees his or her work lead to a retraction, we hear from several who are met with silence or retaliation. The work is just beginning.” With any luck, what is happening is a generational mindset change to one that is less tolerant of both honest mistakes and intentional misconduct.

B&B orig: 12/27/18