December 20, 2016
In a Wall Street Journal opinion
(December 17-18, pg. A13), former chess champion Garry Kasparov describes his
experiences as a citizen of the former Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan during the
period of Soviet Union disintegration in the early 1990’s. The fall occurred a
series of events that included the resignation of Soviet premier Mikhail
Gorbachev on December 25, 1991. Kasparov saw Gorbachev’s resignation as the
result of “a final attempt to keep the Communist state alive.” Kasparov was
optimistic that “the Soviet Union would be forced to liberalize socially and
economically to survive.” Kasparov was filled with optimism that change would
bring a better future for people of Russia and the former Republics.
Writing 25 years later, Kasparov laments the lost
opportunity with the rise of the new dictator, Vladimir Putin and his
intentional erosion of democracy and freedoms in Russia and the former
republics. He see an attitude change where “citizens of the free world don’t
much care about dictatorships anymore, or about the 2.7 billion people who
still live in them.” That attitude change contrasts with John F. Kennedy observation
in Berlin in 1963: “Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all
are not free.” He argues that Ronald Reagan’s warning that “freedom is never
more than one generation away from extinction” might be an understatement in
view of recent changes in Western democracies.
Kasparov argues that “Bill Clinton was making jokes with
Russia’s President Boris Yeltsin and it was time to party, not press the
advantage. . . . . Yet instead of using it to shape a new global framework to
protect and project the values of democracy and human rights—as Truman had done
immediately to put Stalin in check—the free world acted as though the fight had
been won once and for all. Even worse, we made the same mistake in Russia and
in many other newly independent states. We were so eager to embrace the bright
future that we failed to address our dark past. There were no truth
commissions, no lustration—the shining of light on past crimes and their
perpetrators—no accountability for decades of repression. Elections did nothing
to uproot the siloviki, the powerful
network of security and military officials. The offices and titles of the
ruling nomenklatura changed, but the
Soviet bureaucratic caste remained as power brokers with no accountability or
transparency.”
As Kasparov sees it, “the reforms in Russia enacted by a
dream team of national and foreign economists were piecemeal and easily
exploited by those with access to the levers of power. Instead of turning into
a free market, the Russian economy became a rigged auction that created an
elite of appointed billionaires and a population of resentful and confused
citizens who wondered why nothing had improved for them.”
That somewhat sounds similar to the opinion that many Americans
have about their own democracy (as discussed before).
In 2000, Putin took power with few “obstacles capable of
resisting his instinct to remake Russia in his own KGB image. He also found a
Russian public that felt betrayed by the promises of democracy and afraid of
the violence and corruption we saw all around us. Mr. Putin’s vulgar rhetoric
of security and national pride would have worn thin quickly had the price of
oil not begun to skyrocket in the new millennium. A rising cash flow enabled
him to negotiate a Faustian bargain with the Russian people: your freedoms in
return for stability. . . . . Outside Russia, at every turn, Europe and the
U.S. failed to provide the leadership the historic moment required.”
Compared to right-wing dictatorships transitioning to
democracy, Kasparov criticizes socialism and communism. “Left-wing regimes have
had a far harder time, as if socialism were an autoimmune virus that destroys a
society’s ability to defend itself from tyrants and demagogues.”
Given the state of politics in America and Western liberal
democracies, the autoimmune virus seems to have established an infection there as well. How
it plays out in liberal democracy hosts remains to be seen. Support for tyrants
and demagogues is on the rise. Regardless of how it plays out, the opportunity
the West had after the U.S.S.R.’s fall was squandered and is irretrievably lost.
Any new opportunity for peace and freedom in Russia and other countries ruled
by kleptocratic tyrants and demagogues looks to be at least two generations in
the future, assuming another opportunity ever comes along.
The West blew it’s chance. We are beginning to see the
ramifications of the failure of short sighted, distracted Western political
institutions and thinking.
