News: Supreme Court -- religion above other liberties; Weaponizing fear; Consciousness science update

The Republican Christian nationalists on the Supreme Court are openly hostile to, among other groups that their Old Testament God hates, the LGBQT community. That is core CN dogma. Other core dogma is that religious practice at home, in church and in commerce trumps all other concerns and liberties. When Christianity clashes with anything else, Christianity wins. This is what it means to be theocratic. Many news outlets are reporting about a massive gut punch the Republican CNs delivered to the LGBQT community today. This one really kicks secularism in the groin good and hard. 

The Supreme Court decided 6-3 in favor of a web designer in Colorado who wanted to have the choice to not design websites for clients “celebrating marriage she does not endorse.” Once again, one clearly sees Christians bitching and whining about LGBQT people and wanting legal authority to openly discriminate against non-heterosexuals in commerce. Now bigoted, intolerant Christians have a big chunk of the legal authority they have been fighting to get for decades. The decision, 303 CREATIVE LLC ET AL. v. ELENIS ET AL., is based on these facts and reasoning:

Lorie Smith wants to expand her graphic design business, 303 Creative LLC, to include services for couples seeking wedding websites. But Ms. Smith worries that Colorado will use the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act to compel her—in violation of the First Amendment—to create websites celebrating marriages she does not endorse. To clarify her rights, Ms. Smith filed a lawsuit seeking an injunction to prevent the State from forcing her to create websites celebrating marriages that defy her belief that marriage should be reserved to unions between one man and one woman. 

CADA prohibits all “public accommodations” from denying “the full and equal enjoyment” of its goods and services to any customer based on his race, creed, disability, sexual orientation, or other statutorily enumerated trait.

Before the district court, Ms. Smith and the State stipulated to a number of facts: Ms. Smith is “willing to work with all people regardless of classifications such as race, creed, sexual orientation, and gender” and “will gladly create custom graphics and websites” for clients of any sexual orientation; she will not produce content that “contradicts biblical truth” regardless of who orders it; Ms. Smith’s belief that marriage is a union between one man and one woman is a sincerely held conviction; ....

Held [meaning the holding or rule of the case]: The First Amendment prohibits Colorado from forcing a website designer to create expressive designs speaking messages with which the designer disagrees. Pp. 6–26.

 

(a) The framers designed the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to protect the “freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think.” ....

(b) Applying these principles to the parties’ stipulated facts, the Court agrees with the Tenth Circuit that the wedding websites Ms. Smith seeks to create qualify as pure speech protected by the First Amendment under this Court’s precedents. ....  

(c) Colorado now seems to acknowledge that the First Amendment does prohibit it from coercing Ms. Smith to create websites expressing any message with which she disagrees. Alternatively, Colorado contends, Ms. Smith must simply provide the same commercial product to all, which she can do by repurposing websites celebrating marriages she does endorse for marriages she does not. ....

The three Dems on the court dissented, with Sotomayor commenting:

Five years ago, this Court recognized the “general rule” that religious and philosophical objections to gay marriage “do not allow business owners and other actors in the economy and in society to deny protected persons equal access to goods and services under a neutral and generally applicable public accommodations law.” Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm’n, 584 U. S. ___, ___ (2018) (slip op., at 9). ....

Today, the Court, for the first time in its history, grants a business open to the public a constitutional right to refuse to serve members of a protected class. Specifically, the Court holds that the First Amendment exempts a website design company from a state law that prohibits the company from denying wedding websites to same-sex couples if the company chooses to sell those websites to the public. The Court also holds that the company has a right to post a notice that says, “‘no [wedding websites] will be sold if they will be used for gay marriages.’” Ibid.  

“What a difference five years makes.” Carson v. Makin, 596 U. S. ___, ___ (2022) (SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting) (slip op., at 5). And not just at the Court. Around the country, there has been a backlash to the movement for liberty and equality for gender and sexual minorities. New forms of inclusion have been met with reactionary exclusion. This is heartbreaking. Sadly, it is also familiar. When the civil rights and women’s rights movements sought equality in public life, some public establishments refused. Some even claimed, based on sincere religious beliefs, constitutional rights to discriminate. The brave Justices who once sat on this Court decisively rejected those claims.  

“Today is a sad day in American constitutional law and in the lives of LGBT people.”

In this case, the CNs fused religious freedom into 1st Amendment free speech rights. Over time, the openly bigoted CN wealth and power movement will file lawsuits to expand the scope of commerce that is religious belief reflected as free speech. I don't have a feel for how far this will go, but I suspect it will be pretty far. This case seems to be a very big deal. It marks damage to secular democracy and a major step toward authoritarian theocracy. Just look at the flow of power here, i.e., tolerant pluralist secularism → bigoted Christian fundamentalism.

That was 2016

I wonder if they still support him

Most probably still do

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The red state murder gap: The Guardian reports about the weaponization of fear of crime by the radical right:

Republicans claim Democrats can’t keep us safe – crime data disagrees

Studies show that states with higher murder rates are those that vote red even as conservatives stoke fear about crime

Be it congressional campaigns or defending Donald Trump from his many legal entanglements, Republicans have kept up a consistent message to the US: Democrats can’t be trusted to keep you safe.

Third Way, a center-left thinktank, has found that states which voted for Trump in the 2020 election had overall higher murder rates than those which supported Joe Biden. This trend, called the “red state murder gap”, has been consistent for 20 years. The pattern remains the same even if the most populous county in each red state is excluded – undercutting an argument common on the right that large cities, which tend to be led by Democrats, are to blame for homicides. 

What’s harder to tease out is why this split exists, and even the degree to which political factors are to blame for it.

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A 25 year-old wager about the science of consciousness is settled: Vox writes:

In 1998, at the conference of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC), the neuroscientist Christof Koch made a bet with the philosopher David Chalmers: by 2023, science would be able to explain how the brain’s tangle of neurons gives rise to the phenomenon we call consciousness. The winner would get a case of wine.

Koch was a professor of cognitive biology who helped pioneer the mechanistic study of the “neural correlates of consciousness,” which maps the relationship between brain activity and subjective experiences. He believed that consciousness was fundamentally measurable and that it was only a matter of time before science identified how it arose in the brain.

Chalmers was both a philosopher and cognitive scientist who was skeptical that science would be able to build explanatory bridges between neural correlates in the brain and the subjective experience of consciousness. Famously, he called consciousness “the hard problem,” which he believed was sufficiently challenging to keep any explanation of consciousness at bay for at least a quarter of a century.

At the 26th ASSC conference this past weekend, 25 years after the initial wager, the results were declared: Koch lost. Despite years of scientific effort — a time during which the science of consciousness shifted from the fringe to a mainstream, reputable, even exciting area of study — we still can’t say how or why the experience of consciousness arises.

.... as part of a $20 million project supported by the Templeton World Charity Foundation, a series of “adversarial experiments” were designed to pit theories of consciousness against each other, including global workspace theory (GWT) and integrated information theory (IIT).

GWT imagines consciousness as a theater: The brain is populated by a crowd of local information streams, but only what gets broadcast to the whole crowd — put onstage — becomes conscious. IIT identifies consciousness with the degree of, yes, integrated information, represented by the Greek character phi (Φ). The more phi, the more consciousness.

Preliminary findings from one Templeton-sponsored gauntlet comparing GWT and IIT were presented at the recent ASSC conference and ultimately used to settle the Koch/Chalmers bet. Six independent laboratories followed a shared protocol designed to test how well each theory could predict brain activity. IIT fared slightly better than GWT, but neither made entirely accurate predictions. This uncertainty was enough to make Chalmers the victor, while scattering researchers off to update the theories or consider new ones altogether.

Meanwhile, Karl Friston, the world’s most-cited living neuroscientist, has an idea called the free-energy principle. Stripped of all the math, it suggests that the behavior of all living systems follows a single principle: To remain alive, they try to minimize the difference between their expectations and incoming sensory input. (Other terms for that difference include surprise and free energy.) In this model, human brains minimize surprise by generating internal models that predict the outside world. Here, consciousness is basically the experience of an internally generative model complex enough to imagine states of the world that have not yet happened.  

Still, some neuroscientists argue that we are living in the dawn before a theory of consciousness arises, like those who lived in the time shortly before Darwin’s theory of natural selection. This paints the current field as “pre-paradigmatic,” a term developed by the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn to describe an immature science where competing schools of thought do not share the same basic understanding of their subject. Everything from methodologies to metaphysics can differ in a pre-paradigmatic science of consciousness.

Looks like we're not quite there yet, to put it mildly.

Law news bits: Supreme Court hands religion a big win; Affirmative action gets killed

In a unanimous decision, GROFF v. DEJOY, POSTMASTER GENERAL, the Supreme Court gutted the existing standard that employers had to meet to accommodate religious practice by employees. The old standard was that an employer could reject a workers’ request related to religious observance if it imposed more than a minimal burden or “de minimis cost,” on the company’s operations. The new standard is that the employer must accept an employee's request for religious accommodations if the request imposes less than an undue hardship. An undue hardship exists “when a burden is substantial in the overall context of an employer’s business.” 

As usual, the court punts on defining what a substantial burden in the overall context of the business means:

.... we do not write on a blank slate in determining what an employer must prove to defend a denial of a religious accommodation, but we think it reasonable to begin with Title VII’s text. .... Here, the key statutory term is “undue hardship.” In common parlance, a “hardship” is, at a minimum, “something hard to bear.” .... But under any definition, a hardship is more severe than a mere burden. So even if Title VII said only that an employer need not be made to suffer a “hardship,” an employer could not escape liability simply by showing that an accommodation would impose some sort of additional costs. Those costs would have to rise to the level of hardship, and adding the modifier “undue” means that the requisite burden, privation, or adversity must rise to an “excessive” or “unjustifiable” level.

Notice the circularity in the court's reasoning. One can imagine that a blast of lawsuits in the coming years will flesh out the meaning of undue hardship. The law itself, Title VII, specifies that an employer can reject an accommodation that rises above to the level of an undue hardship. This decision make sense in that regard. But Title VII itself does not define undue hardship, probably because it is undefinable. The lawsuits will continue.

This is an interesting decision that seems to pit brass knuckles capitalist dogma against Christian nationalist theocracy dogma. Also interesting is a separate concurrence the three Democrats wrote and signed. The Dems also tried to wrestle with the definition but they too could only deliver a goose egg:

To be sure, some effects on co-workers will not constitute “undue hardship” under Title VII. For example, animus toward a protected group is not a cognizable “hardship” under any antidiscrimination statute. Cf. ante, at 20. In addition, some hardships, such as the labor costs of coordinating voluntary shift swaps, are not “undue” because they are too insubstantial. See 29 CFR §§1605.2(d)(1)(i), (e)(1). Nevertheless, if there is an undue hardship on “the conduct of the employer’s business,” 42 U. S. C. §2000e(j), then such hardship is sufficient, even if it consists of hardship on employees

Just the facts ma'am

A quick description of the facts is helpful here. A postal worker wanted to have Sundays off for religious observances. The USPS signed a deal with Amazon to deliver packages on Sundays. That caused the worker to not show up on Sundays when he was scheduled. His absences on Sundays led co-workers to quit, transfer or cover for him. He eventually resigned because he felts he was being forced to chose between his work and his religious practice. He then sued the Postal Service for discrimination. 

So here we get one example of what is not an undue hardship, i.e., other co-workers quitting, transferring or covering for one worker's religious accommodation. But at this point, it is clear to me that an employer of big enough size has to accommodate a worker's religion request, even if it causes other workers to quit. A big question therefore is, how big does an employer need to be before it is an an undue hardship when at least other employee quits? One can imagine how this is going to play out in the courts over a period of years.

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Affirmative action nuked: In Students for Fair Admissions Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, the Supreme Court nuked race based admissions for both public and private colleges. The decision was all six Republicans in favor and the three Dems opposed and dissenting. The Republicans held that Harvard’s and UNC’s admissions programs violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The WaPo discusses the decision: 

The Supreme Court on Thursday held that admissions programs at Harvard and the University of North Carolina that relied in part on racial considerations violate the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection, a historic ruling that will force a dramatic change in how the nation’s private and public universities select their students.

Roberts said the admissions programs at Harvard and UNC “lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points.”

But he added that “nothing in this opinion should be construed as prohibiting universities from considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected his or her life, be it through discrimination, inspiration, or otherwise.”  

In her dissent on Thursday, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the court’s lone Latina justice, wrote that it is “a disturbing feature of today’s decision that the Court does not even attempt to make the extraordinary showing required” to reverse precedent.  

“Today, this Court stands in the way and rolls back decades of precedent and momentous progress. It holds that race can no longer be used in a limited way in college admissions to achieve such critical benefits," Sotomayor wrote. "In so holding, the Court cements a superficial rule of colorblindness as a constitutional principle in an endemically segregated society where race has always mattered and continues to matter.”  

The probable upshot, ~95% likely in my opinion, is that Asian and White student enrollment will significantly increase, while Black and Latino enrollment will decrease by roughly the same amount.

Always looking for balance, one good thing about this that we should never again see the likes of an affirmative action failure like the disgrace called Clarence Thomas. He just voted his future self out of the running. Guess that's sort of a crappy silver lining. ☹️

News bits: Why women lost abortion rights; Blue lies; Etc.

There are multiple reasons for why the radical right managed to take away a woman's right to an abortion. It took almost 50 years to do it, but they finally got 'er done. Vehement, implacable opposition to abortion rights and political power of the radical right are the main factors. 

But another factor for loss of abortion rights is lukewarm support to outright opposition to abortion among some Democratic Party elites. The Dems have known for decades that the radical right was hell-bent on obliterating all abortions and would never back down. Despite that knowledge, the Dems did little to nothing to shore up abortion rights. A HuffPost article nicely captures the problem with the reluctant lukewarm Dems:

Biden Says He’s ‘Not Big On Abortion’ Since He's Catholic, 

But Roe ‘Got It Right’

“I’m a practicing Catholic. I’m not big on abortion,” Biden said during the event in Maryland, first reported by The Hill. “But guess what? Roe v. Wade got it right.”  

“I don’t understand why he cannot show the same love and support and care for people in this country who have abortions as he does for any other issue where people are impacted,” said Renee Bracey Sherman, founder and executive director of We Testify, an abortion storytelling organization.

Sherman says she doesn't understand why Biden acts as he does with abortion. Here's why: He's a practicing Catholic. 

I'm not big on center-right Biden, but compared to any radical right Republican running against him in 2024, i.e., any declared Republican so far, he still gets my vote.

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Blue lies: An interesting NYT opinion piece considers why DJT lies so much but still gets a lot of support: 

Donald Trump can lay claim to the title of most prodigious liar in the history of the presidency. This challenges commonplace beliefs about the American political system. How could such a deceitful and duplicitous figure win the White House in the first place and then retain the loyalty of so many voters after his endless lies were exposed?

In 2008, Kang Lee, a developmental psychologist at the University of Toronto, published “Lying in the Name of the Collective Good” along with three colleagues:

Lying in the name of the collective good occurs commonly. Such lies are frequently told in business, politics, sports and many other areas of human life. These lies are so common that they have acquired a specific name, the “blue lie” — purportedly originating from cases where police officers made false statements to protect the police force or to ensure the success of the government’s legal case against an accused.

In a 2017 Scientific American article building on Lee’s research, “How the Science of ‘Blue Lies’ May Explain Trump’s Support,” Jeremy Adam Smith argued that Lee’s work

highlights a difficult truth about our species: We are intensely social creatures, but we are prone to divide ourselves into competitive groups, largely for the purpose of allocating resources. People can be prosocial — compassionate, empathetic, generous, honest — in their group and aggressively antisocial toward out-groups. When we divide people into groups, we open the door to competition, dehumanization, violence — and socially sanctioned deceit.

If we see Trump’s lies, Smith continued, “not as failures of character but rather as weapons of war, then we can come to see why his supporters might view him as an effective leader. From this perspective, lying is a feature, not a bug, of Trump’s campaign and presidency.”

There you have it, lying is a feature, not a bug! Why didn't I see that before? . . . . OMG, we're in deep doo-doo here.

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An Above the Law article with a snarky title writes about an extreme case of avoidance of an appearance of a conflict of interest by federal judge Mark Walker in Florida:

Judge In Disney's Case Against Ron DeSantis Recuses Himself Because Father's Brother's Nephew's Cousin's Former Roommate Owns 30 Shares Of Disney

Chief Judge Walker conducted a sua sponte [voluntary] hard-target search of every gas station, residence, warehouse, farmhouse, henhouse, outhouse, and doghouse in the Tallahassee area to find some tangential family member with a whopping $2,700 invested in a multibillion-dollar global media conglomerate and decided this presented enough of a conflict in a case over Disney’s right to run its own firehouse in Orlando to leave the case. For the record, a third degree relative is “a first cousin, great-grandparent, great-aunt, great-uncle, great-niece, great-nephew, great-grandchild, half-aunt, or half-uncle of an individual.” I’m not even sure I have phone numbers for all my first cousins, let alone a solid grasp of their financial portfolios.

Now, compare that to Supreme Court justices Clarence Thomas and Sam Alito. They get millions of dollars in perks, gifts and luxury travel from people with cases in the Supreme Court, but do not recuse themselves due to the actual, blatant conflicts of interest that all the hidden largess constitutes. Not only do these two jackasses not recuse themselves from cases where they are deeply conflicted, they arrogantly tell us their business is none of our business. In their world, we should all go to hell for having the audacity to even ask about their ethical behavior.

One has got to admire the gigantic balls on some radical right Republican elites. They have no shame or morals. None at all. For them, there simply is no such thing as corruption or a conflict of interest, actual or appearance.  . . . . OMG, we're in deep doo-doo here.

News bits: Supreme Court defends voting rights; It's the weather, not climate change?; Etc.

In what could have been a fairly rapid end of meaningful voting rights in American elections, three of the six Republicans on the Supreme court, Roberts, Kavanaugh and Barrett, and all three democrats decided that democracy and voting rights for citizens still counted for something more than cynical authoritarian lip service. The Christian nationalist authoritarians Thomas, Alito and Gorsuch dissented, showing their undeniable, blatant hostility toward democracy and voting rights. The decision came down yesterday in the Harper v. Moore case. The full opinion is here. 

The opinion by Roberts states that the Constitution “does not exempt state legislatures from the ordinary constraints imposed by state law.” In other words, the independent state legislature (ISL) theory is dead for now. In view of this court opinion, it is clear that radical authoritarian Republican elites have no choice but shift their tactics by obliterating state laws that protect voting rights or by going back to the Supreme Court to resolve disputes about state laws. The radicals had hoped that Moore would have cleared the way for them to kill democracy and replace it with a corrupt, single party, Christian theocratic Republican dictatorship-plutocracy. Now, radical Republican elites will have to fight it out state by state and law by law to achieve their corrupt dictatorship. 

In my opinion one thing is certain, pro-corruption radical right elites will not stop trying to set up some form of dictatorship. This decision doesn't end it for democracy. It buys democracy defenders some time to get their freaking act together.

The NYT comments on the decision:

The case concerned the “independent state legislature” theory. It is based on a reading of the Constitution’s Elections Clause, which says, “The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof.”

Proponents of the strongest form of the theory say this means that no other organs of state government — not courts, not governors, not election administrators, not independent commissions — can alter a legislature’s actions on federal elections.

Chief Justice Roberts rejected that position. “The Elections Clause does not insulate state legislatures from the ordinary exercise of state judicial review,” he wrote.

The ruling soundly dismissed the theory, one that an unusually diverse array of lawyers, judges and scholars across the ideological spectrum viewed as extreme and dangerous. Adopting the theory, they warned, could have profound consequences for nearly every aspect of federal elections, including by erasing safeguards against partisan gerrymandering and curtailing the ability to challenge voting restrictions in state courts.

But some election law specialists cautioned that Tuesday’s decision elevated the power of federal courts in the process, allowing them to second-guess at least some rulings of state courts based on state law.

“This gives the U.S. Supreme Court the ultimate say over the meaning of state law in the midst of an election dispute,” Richard L. Hasen, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, wrote in a blog post. “This is a bad, but not awful, result.”

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A intense heat wave has engulfed parts of the Midwest and much of the Southeast. It looks set to stay nasty hot for several days more. The heat map for today looks like this:

Climate science experts point out that a heat wave is weather and a heat wave usually cannot be directly attributed to climate change. The question boils down to a matter of statistics. Reason Magazine comments:

News outlets have long cited extreme weather events as examples of how greenhouse gas emissions affect the climate. In response, experts typically would emphasize the distinction between weather and climate, warning that any given hurricane or heat wave cannot be attributed to long-term changes in average temperatures. But it turns out that climatologists and meteorologists sometimes can establish such causal relationships.

"First of all, it's important to highlight that every climate extreme weather event has multiple causes," Friederike Otto, an Oxford University climate researcher associated with the World Weather Attribution (WWA) collaboration, told MIT Technology Review in 2020. "So the question of the role of climate change will never be a yes or no question. It will always be, 'Did climate change make it more likely or less likely, or did climate change not play a role?'"

Consider the massive heat wave in June 2021 that produced record-breaking temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, including highs of 116 degrees Fahrenheit in Portland, Oregon; 108 degrees in Seattle, Washington; and 121 degrees in Lytton, British Columbia. Under pre-industrial conditions, WWA researchers found, the chance of a heat wave like that was essentially zero. "Western North American extreme heat was virtually impossible without human-caused climate change," they concluded.

Waddabout the current warm spell is Texas and elsewhere? A 2 minute NPR segment broadcast yesterday says that at the least, climate experts are not surprised by what is going on: 

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Dolphin baby-talk: Researchers accumulated 30 years of acoustical recording data of dolphins talking to teach other in Florida’s Sarasota Bay. It turns out that dolphin moms use higher pitched sound to communicate with their babies sort of like humans do. The AP writes:

A study published Monday found that female bottlenose dolphins change their tone when addressing their calves. Researchers recorded the signature whistles of 19 mother dolphins in Florida, when accompanied by their young offspring and when swimming alone or with other adults.

“They use these whistles to keep track of each other. They’re periodically saying, ‘I’m here, I’m here’,” said study co-author Laela Sayigh, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution marine biologist in Massachusetts.

When directing the signal to their calves, the mother’s whistle pitch is higher and her pitch range is greater than usual, according to the study published in the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“That was true for every one of the moms in the study, all 19 of them,” said biologist Peter Tyack, a study co-author from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.

Why people, dolphins or other creatures use baby talk isn’t certain, but scientists believe it may help offspring learn to pronounce novel sounds. Research dating back to the 1980s suggests that human infants may pay more attention to speech with a greater pitch range. Female rhesus monkeys may alter their calls to attract and hold offspring’s attention. And Zebra finches elevate their pitch and slow down their songs to address chicks, perhaps making it easier to learn birdsong.

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A WaPo opinion piece opines that taxpayers should not have to pay for religious schools. Christian nationalists are hell-bent on forcing taxpayers to pay for their religious schools and replacing secular public education with Christian fundamentalist "education." This is a case that is going to wind up before the Christian nationalist Republicans on the Supreme Court in a couple of years. The opinion comments:

The Oklahoma Statewide Virtual Charter School Board’s recent decision to allow a Catholic archdiocese to operate a public school is both illegal and unconstitutional.

A charter school “shall be nonsectarian in its programs, admission policies, employment practices, and all other operations,” Oklahoma law states.

Public schools “shall be open to all the children of the state and free from sectarian control,” the Oklahoma constitution declares.

Publicly funding a Catholic school so clearly flouts both of these provisions that the state attorney general, Republican Gentner Drummond, accused board members who voted to do so of violating their oath of office and promised to take legal action once a contract with the school is signed.

I have repeatedly pointed out that two highly cherished goals of the hyper-radical Christian nationalist (CN) wealth and power movement are to (1) sink its greedy claws into tax revenues, and (2) eliminate all, and I mean literally all, secular public schools. Secular public education is to be replaced with mandatory hyper-radical Christian fundamentalism. 

Despite the clear illegality of the Charter School Board’s decision, God's infallible command is to go ahead and break the law to try to put this case before the CN Supreme Court. Maybe the Board will back down and not go ahead. Or maybe because their goals are sacred and infallible, they will stick with this effort to try to force Christian fundamentalism down everyone's throats. The goal here is not just for Oklahoma. CN dogma is aimed at all states. Hence the sacred march to the CN Supreme Court.

News & science: The definition of a Trump supporter; Ethics: Do insects experience feelings?

Definitions count: How many Americans are DJT supporters? That depends on how one defines the concept. If it means people who voted for him in 2020, then about 47% are supporters. If it means something more than merely preferring DJT over Biden, then maybe about 37% are supporters. The NYT comments: Mr. "Trump has around a 40 percent national favorability rating. Another option: Only 35 percent said they wanted him to run for president in an NBC poll taken in April."

Apparently, the Dem Party is aware of the issue. An NBC News report comments: "Democrats warn party: The threat of Trump winning in 2024 is 'very real' -- New NBC News polling shows President Joe Biden with a relatively narrow 49% to 45 % lead over Donald Trump — which is within the survey’s margin of error."

Since voting counts more than favorability, it seems that almost half of voters could be supporters.

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This segment is long, but it seems very useful to show just a little about how complex and subtle the science of sentience and ethics is and how they are done. It has taken decades of work to get to where we are now, but we're still pretty ignorant. As humans come to understand sentience better, we can adjust to that knowledge. But we usually cannot adjust to things we know nothing about. 

A Scientific American article by Lars Chittka, professor of sensory and behavioral ecology at Queen Mary University of London, summarizes research that suggests that insects can experience mental states such as happiness, anxiety and pain:

Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain?

15 years ago, Thomas Ings, now at Anglia Ruskin University in England, and I performed an experiment in which we asked whether bumblebees could learn about predation threat. Certain spider species called crab spiders perch on flowers to catch pollinating insects, including bees. We built a plastic spider model with a mechanism that would briefly trap a bumblebee between two sponges before releasing it. The bumblebees showed a significant change in their behavior after being attacked by the robotic spider. Perhaps unsurprisingly, they learned to avoid spider-infested flowers and meticulously scanned every flower before landing. Curiously, however, they sometimes even fled from imaginary threats, scanning and then abandoning a perfectly safe, spider-free flower. This false-alarm behavior resembled symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in humans. Although this incidental observation did not constitute formal evidence of an emotionlike state, it did move the possibility of such states in insects into the realm of possibility.

Bumblebees can learn complex tasks by observing other bees. In one study, they learned to pull strings attached to artificial flowers out from under a plexiglass plate to access a sugar reward inside.

Other research hinted that insects might also have positive states of mind. Many plants contain bitter substances such as nicotine and caffeine to deter herbivores, but these substances are also found in low concentrations in some floral nectars. Researchers wondered whether pollinators might be deterred by such nectars, but they discovered the opposite. Bees actively seek out drugs such as nicotine and caffeine when given the choice and even self-medicate with nicotine when sick. Male fruit flies stressed by being deprived of mating opportunities prefer food containing alcohol (naturally present in fermenting fruit), and bees even show withdrawal symptoms when weaned off an alcohol-rich diet.

Why would insects consume mind-altering substances if there isn't a mind to alter? But these suggestive hints of negative and positive mind states still fell short of what was needed to demonstrate that insects are sentient.

I began to consider how one might more directly test emotionlike states in insects. So-called cognitive bias tests have been developed to evaluate the psychological welfare of animals such as rats that live in captivity. These tests are essentially versions of the proverbial glass that can be half-full or half-empty: optimistic humans might view the ambiguous glass as nearly full, whereas pessimists would judge the same glass as being nearly empty. My collaborators and I decided to develop a similar test for bees.

We trained one group of bees to associate the color blue with a sugary reward and green with no reward, and another group of bees to make the opposite association. We then presented the bees with a turquoise color, a shade intermediate between blue and green. A lucky subset of bees received a surprise sugar treat right before seeing the turquoise color; the other bees did not. The bees' response to the ambiguous stimulus depended on whether they received a treat before the test: those that got the pretest sugar approached the intermediate color faster than those that didn't.

Other work suggests that bees can experience not only optimism but also joy. Some years ago we trained bumblebees to roll tiny balls to a goal area to obtain a nectar reward—a form of object manipulation equivalent to human usage of a coin in a vending machine. In the course of these experiments, we noticed that some bees rolled the balls around even when no sugar reward was being offered. We suspected that this might be a form of play behavior.

Recently we confirmed this hunch experimentally. We connected a bumblebee colony to an arena equipped with mobile balls on one side, immobile balls on the other, and an unobstructed path through the middle that led to a feeding station containing freely available sugar solution and pollen. Bees went out of their way to return again and again to a “play area” where they rolled the mobile balls in all directions and often for extended periods without a sugar reward, even though plenty of food was provided nearby.

Bees playing with balls

All this research raised the more uncomfortable question of whether bees might also be capable of experiencing pain. Investigating this issue experimentally presents researchers with a moral dilemma: if results are positive, the research might lead to improved welfare of trillions of wild and managed insects. But it would also involve potential suffering for those animals that are tested to obtain the evidence. We decided to do an experiment with only moderately unpleasant stimuli, not injurious ones—and one in which bees could freely choose whether to experience these stimuli.

We gave bees a choice between two types of artificial flowers. Some were heated to 55 degrees Celsius (lower than your cup of coffee but still hot), and others were not. We varied the rewards given for visiting the flowers. Bees clearly avoided the heat when rewards for both flower types were equal. On its own, such a reaction could be interpreted as resulting from a simple reflex, without an “ouch-like” experience. But a hallmark of pain in humans is that it is not just an automatic, reflexlike response. Instead one may opt to grit one's teeth and bear the discomfort—for example, if a reward is at stake. It turns out that bees have just this kind of flexibility. When the rewards at the heated flowers were high, the bees chose to land on them. Apparently it was worth their while to endure the discomfort. They did not have to rely on concurrent stimuli to make this trade-off. Even when heat and reward were removed from the flowers, bees judged the advantages and disadvantages of each flower type from memory and were thus able to make comparisons of the options in their minds.

This finding alone is not a decisive proof that bees experience pain, but it is consistent with that notion, and it is only one of several indicators. Bees and other insects also form long-term memories about the conditions under which they were hurt. And they have specialized sensors that detect tissue damage and are connected to brain regions that also process and store other sensory stimuli. These creatures have the necessary neural equipment to modulate pain experiences by top-down control. That is, they are not constrained by simple reflex loops when responding to noxious stimuli but display the flexibility to modify their responses according to current circumstances, in the same way as we can choose to press a hot door handle to escape a burning building.

Critics could argue that each of the behaviors described earlier could also be programmed into a nonconscious robot. But nature cannot afford to generate beings that just pretend to be sentient. Although there is still no universally accepted, single experimental proof for pain experiences in any animal, common sense dictates that as we accumulate ever more pieces of evidence that insects can feel, the probability that they are indeed sentient increases.

The fact that to date there is no smoking-gun type of proof for any animal's sentience does not mean we're off the hook. On the contrary, the reasonably strong psychological, pharmacological, neurobiological and hormonal indicators of sentience that we now have for many animals, including some insects, mean that acquiring evidence in the opposite direction is in order. We should demand reasonably strong evidence of the absence of sentience before subjecting them to interventions that have the potential to cause intense distress.

Qs: 

1. Is it silly for researchers to now be concerned about minimizing pain and suffering to insects used in research? (For context, I was in a lab that relied heavily on non-human primates, rats and mice for experiments during the time when the movement for animal welfare in science had exploded onto the scene. We went from basically unconscious researchers to people acutely aware of animal pain and suffering. Animal facilities and cages were vastly upgraded. Animal crowding in cages was strictly limited. Proposed experiments were subject to cancellation by animal welfare review boards. All animal experiment protocols had to be reviewed to make sure that animal suffering was minimized to the extent possible without making the intended experiment useless.)

2. Should there be any concern for crop pests that are killed using insecticides? (The SciAm article points out that even a vegan diet can inflict pain and suffering on insects because the foods vegans eat are also eaten by bugs. How those pests are controlled can involve unnecessary pain and suffering.)

A plain and simple (or maybe not so simple) question…

One of our regular bloggers suggested paying people to vote.

Q: Should people be paid to vote?  Is that a good idea?  Make your pro/con arguments below.